La sintassi del comando fgrep é:

fgrep options string filenames

Esempi:

1) Per trovare tutte le righe del file che contengono '*':

$ fgrep '*' /etc/system

*ident "@(#)system 1.18 97/06/27 SMI" /* SVR4 1.5 */

*

* SYSTEM SPECIFICATION FILE

*

* moddir:

*

* Set the search path for modules. This has a format similar to the

* csh path variable. If the module isn't found in the first directory

* it tries the second and so on. The default is /kernel /usr/kernel

*

* Example:

* moddir: /kernel /usr/kernel /other/modules

* root device and root filesystem configuration:

*

* The following may be used to override the defaults provided by

* the boot program:

*

* rootfs: Set the filesystem type of the root.

*

* rootdev: Set the root device. This should be a fully

* expanded physical pathname. The default is the

* physical pathname of the device where the boot

* program resides. The physical pathname is

* highly platform and configuration dependent.

*

* Example:

* rootfs:ufs

* rootdev:/sbus@1,f8000000/esp@0,800000/sd@3,0:a

*

* (Swap device configuration should be specified in /etc/vfstab.)

* exclude:

*

* Modules appearing in the moddir path which are NOT to be loaded,

* even if referenced. Note that `exclude' accepts either a module name,

* or a filename which includes the directory.

*

* Examples:

* exclude: win

* exclude: sys/shmsys

* forceload:

*

* Cause these modules to be loaded at boot time, (just before mounting

* the root filesystem) rather than at first reference. Note that

* forceload expects a filename which includes the directory. Also

* note that loading a module does not necessarily imply that it will

* be installed.

*

* Example:

* forceload: drv/foo

* set:

*

* Set an integer variable in the kernel or a module to a new value.

* This facility should be used with caution. See system(4).

*

* Examples:

*

* To set variables in 'unix':

*

* set nautopush=32

* set maxusers=40

*

* To set a variable named 'debug' in the module named 'test_module'

*

* set test_module:debug = 0x13

2) Per trovare la stringa adm nei file il cui nome finisce con .sh

$ fgrep adm *.sh

adm.sh:adm

La sintassi del comando EGREP è:

egrep options pattern filenames.

Esempi:

1) Cerca tutte le stringhe che contengono la parola body all'interno del file /etc/passwd

$ egrep '[a-z]+body' /etc/passwd

nobody:x:60001:60001:NFS Anonymous Access User:/:

nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x NFS Anonymous Access User:/:

2) Cerca la stringa Network Admin e la stringa uucp Admin nel file /etc/passwd

$ egrep '(Network|uucp) Admin' /etc/passwd

uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:

nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico

listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:

The syntax for the chmod command in the symbolic mode is: chmod symbolic_mode filename The symbolic_mode option consists of three parts: the user category (owner, group, or other) affected, the function performed, and the permissions affected. For example, if the option is g+x, the executable permission is added for the group.

ex:

AVAILABILITY

SUNWcsu

DESCRIPTION

The find command recursively descends the directory hierar-

chy for each path seeking files that match a Boolean expres-

sion written in the primaries given below.

find will be able to descend to arbitrary depths in a file

hierarchy and will not fail due to path length limitations

(unless a path operand specified by the application exceeds

PATH_MAX requirements).

OPERANDS

The following operands are supported:

path a path name of a starting point in the direc-

tory hierarchy.

The first argument that starts with a -, or is a ! or a (,

and all subsequent arguments will be interpreted as an

expression made up of the following primaries and operators.

In the descriptions, wherever n is used as a primary argu-

ment, it will be interpreted as a decimal integer optionally

preceded by a plus (+) or minus (-) sign, as follows:

+n more than n

n exactly n

-n less than n.

Expressions

Valid expressions are:

-atime n True if the file was accessed n days ago.

The access time of directories in path is

changed by find itself.

-cpio device Always true; write the current file on dev-

ice in cpio format (5120-byte records).

-ctime n True if the file's status was changed n days

ago.

-depth Always true; causes descent of the directory

hierarchy to be done so that all entries in a

directory are acted on before the directory

itself. This can be useful when find is used

with cpio(1) to transfer files that are con-

tained in directories without write permis-

sion.

-exec command True if the executed command returns a zero

value as exit status. The end of command

must be punctuated by an escaped semicolon.

A command argument {} is replaced by the

current path name.

-follow Always true; causes symbolic links to be

followed. When following symbolic links,

find keeps track of the directories visited

so that it can detect infinite loops; for

example, such a loop would occur if a sym-

bolic link pointed to an ancestor. This

expression should not be used with the - type

l expression.

-fstype type True if the filesystem to which the file

belongs is of type type.

-group gname True if the file belongs to the group gname.

If gname is numeric and does not appear in

the /etc/group file, it is taken as a group

ID.

-inum n True if the file has inode number n.

-links n True if the file has n links.

-local True if the file system type is not a remote

file system type as defined in the

/etc/dfs/fstypes file. nfs is used as the

default remote filesystem type if the

/etc/dfs/fstypes file is not present.

-ls Always true; prints current path name

together with its associated statistics.

These include (respectively):

o inode number

o size in kilobytes (1024 bytes)

o protection mode

o number of hard links

o user

o group

o size in bytes

o modification time.

If the file is a special file the size field

will instead contain the major and minor dev-

ice numbers.

If the file is a symbolic link the pathname

of the linked-to file is printed preceded by

`->'. The format is identical to that of ls

-gilds (see ls(1)).

Note: Formatting is done internally, without

executing the ls program.

-mount Always true; restricts the search to the

file system containing the directory speci-

fied. Does not list mount points to other

file systems.

-mtime n True if the file's data was modified n days

ago.

-name pattern True if pattern matches the current file

name. Normal shell file name generation

characters (see sh(1)) may be used. A

backslash (\) is used as an escape character

within the pattern. The pattern should be

escaped or quoted when find is invoked from

the shell.

-ncpio device Always true; write the current file on dev-

ice in cpio -c format (5120 byte records).

-newer file True if the current file has been modified

more recently than the argument file.

-nogroup True if the file belongs to a group not in

the /etc/group file.

-nouser True if the file belongs to a user not in

the /etc/passwd file.

-ok command Like -exec except that the generated command

line is printed with a question mark first,

and is executed only if the user responds by

typing y.

-perm [-]mode The mode argument is used to represent file

mode bits. It will be identical in format to

the operand described in

chmod(1), and will be interpreted as follows.

To start, a template will be assumed with all

file mode bits cleared. An op symbol of:

+ will set the appropriate mode bits in

the template;

- will clear the appropriate bits;

= will set the appropriate mode bits,

without regard to the contents of pro-

cess' file mode creation mask.

The op symbol of - cannot be the first char-

acter of mode; this avoids ambiguity with the

optional leading hyphen. Since the initial

mode is all bits off, there are not any sym-

bolic modes that need to use - as the first

character.

If the hyphen is omitted, the primary will

evaluate as true when the file permission

bits exactly match the value of the resulting

template.

Otherwise, if mode is prefixed by a hyphen,

the primary will evaluate as true if at least

all the bits in the resulting template are

set in the file permission bits.

-perm [-]onum True if the file permission flags exactly

match the octal number onum (see chmod(1)).

If onum is prefixed by a minus sign (-), only

the bits that are set in onum are compared

with the file permission flags, and the

expression evaluates true if they match.

-print Always true; causes the current path name to

be printed.

-prune Always yields true. Do not examine any

directories or files in the directory struc-

ture below the pattern just matched. See the

examples, below.

-size n[c] True if the file is n blocks long (512 bytes

per block). If n is followed by a c, the

size is in bytes.

-type c True if the type of the file is c, where c

is b, c, d, l, p, or f for block special

file, character special file, directory, sym-

bolic link, fifo (named pipe), or plain file,

respectively.

-user uname True if the file belongs to the user uname.

If uname is numeric and does not appear as a

login name in the /etc/passwd file, it is

taken as a user ID.

-xdev Same as the -mount primary.

Complex Expressions

The primaries may be combined using the following operators

(in order of decreasing precedence):

1) ( expression ) True if the parenthesized

expression is true

(parentheses are special to

the shell and must be

escaped).

2) ! expression The negation of a primary (!

is the unary not operator).

3) expression [-a] expression

Concatenation of primaries

(the and operation is implied

by the juxtaposition of two

primaries).

4) expression -o expression

Alternation of primaries ( - o

is the or operator).

Note: When you use find in conjunction with cpio, if you

use the - L option with cpio then you must use the -follow

expression with find and vice versa. Otherwise there will

be undesirable results.

If no expression is present, -print will be used as the

expression. Otherwise, if the given expression does not

contain any of the primaries -exec, -ok or -print, the given

expression will be effectively replaced by:

( given_expression ) -print

The -user, -group, and -newer primaries each will evaluate

their respective arguments only once.

EXAMPLES

The following commands are equivalent:

example% find .

example% find . -print

They both write out the entire directory hierarchy from the

current directory.

Remove all files in your home directory named a.out or * .o

that have not been accessed for a week:

example% find $HOME \( -name a.out -o -name '*.o' \

-atime +7 \ -exec rm {} \;

Recursively print all file names in the current directory

and below, but skipping SCCS directories:

example% find . -name SCCS -prune -o -print

Recursively print all file names in the current directory

and below, skipping the contents of SCCS directories, but

printing out the SCCS directory name:

example% find . -print -name SCCS -prune

The following command is roughly equivalent to the - nt

extension to test(1):

example$ if [ -n "$(find file1 -prune -newer file2)" ]; then

printf %s\\n "file1 is newer than file2"

fi

The descriptions of -atime, -ctime, and -mtime use the ter-

minology n ``24-hour periods''. For example, a file

accessed at 23:59 will be selected by:

example% find . -atime -1 -print

at 00:01 the next day (less than 24 hours later, not more

than one day ago); the midnight boundary between days has no

effect on the 24-hour calculation.

ENVIRONMENT

See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment

variables that affect the execution of find: LC_COLLATE,

LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0 All path operands were traversed successfully.

>0 An error occurred.

FILES

/etc/passwd password file

/etc/group group file

/etc/dfs/fstypes file that registers distributed file

system packages

SEE ALSO

chmod(1), ls(1), sh(1), test(1), stat(2), umask(2),

environ(5)

WARNINGS

The following options are obsolete and will not be supported

in future releases:

-cpio device Always true; write the current file on device

in cpio format (5120-byte records).

-ncpio device Always true; write the current file on device

in cpio -c format (5120 byte records).

NOTES

When using find to determine files modified within a range

of time, one must use the ?time argument before the -print

argument otherwise find will give all files.

The following table summarizes the main options used with ps.

Option Description

–a Lists most frequently requested processes

–A, –e List all processes

–c Lists processes in scheduler format

–d Lists all processes

–f Prints comprehensive process information

–g Prints process information on a group basis for a single group

–G Prints process information on a group basis for a list of groups

–j Includes SID and PGID in printout

–l Prints complete process information

–L Displays LWP details

–p Lists process details for list of specified processes

–P Lists the CPU ID to which a process is bound

–s Lists session leaders

–t Lists all processes associated with a specific terminal

–u Lists all processes for a specific user

The following table summarizes the main signals used to communicate with processes

using kill.

Signal Code Action Description

SIGHUP 1 Exit Hangup

SIGINT 2 Exit Interrupt

SIGQUIT 3 Core Quit

SIGILL 4 Core Illegal instruction

SIGTRAP 5 Core Trace

SIGABRT 6 Core Abort

SIGEMT 7 Core Emulation trap

SIGFPE 8 Core Arithmetic exception

SIGKILL 9 Exit Killed

SIGBUS 10 Core Bus error

SIGSEGV 11 Core Segmentation fault

SIGSYS 12 Core Bad system call

SIGPIPE 13 Exit Broken pipe

SIGALRM 14 Exit Alarm clock

SIGTERM 15 Exit Terminate

The pgrep command is used to search for a list of processes whose names match apattern specified on the command line. The command returns a list of corresponding

For example,

$ kill –9 `pgrep apache`

USERADD

for example:

Plattaform

Memory Size

compress